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Metaphysics
Homology
Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology often deals with questions concerning what entities exist or may be said to exist and how such entities may be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences.
Wikipedia - Ontology
The Free Dictionary defines metaphysics as "a priori speculation upon questions that are unanswerable to scientific observation, analysis, or experiment" and Merriam-Webster as "the part of philosophy that is concerned with the basic causes and nature of things". Metaphysics is part of philosophy. Evolution theory is literally full of metaphysics. The philosophical foundations of evolution theory are naturalism and uniformitarianism. Evolutionists use similarities and differences in support of their belief while in reality they don't prove anything because they might just as well be used in support of common design.
Darwinism is not a testable scientific theory, but a metaphysical research program.
Karl Popper - Unended Quest: An Intellectual Autobiography
Evolution, akin to religion, involves making certain a priori or metaphysical assumptions, which at some level cannot be proven empirically.
Michael Ruse - 1993 Annual Meeting of the AAAS
Darwin ... moved fairly rapidly from considerations of anatomical similarities among animals to cognitive comparisons between animals and man; and so he came to rest the divinity of man on the shoulders of monkeys.
Robert J. Richards - Darwin's Metaphysics of Mind
Questions concerning the origins of the universe or life are part of philosophy. Darwin called the origin of species the "mystery of mysteries" in his book On the Origin of Species which, by the way, said nothing about the origin of species. He observed variety within a species and presented an unobservable and speculative theory about how one species supposedly turned into a completely different one.
Anatomical comparison is typical in evolution theory
Evolutionary biology explains homologous structures adapted to different purposes as the result of descent with modification from a common ancestor. ... Charles Darwin explained homologous structures as meaning that the organisms concerned shared a body plan from a common ancestor, and that taxa were branches of a single tree of life.
Wikipedia - Homology (biology)
The comparative study of the anatomy of groups of animals shows structural features that are fundamentally similar or homologous, demonstrating phylogenetic and ancestral relationships with other organism, most especially when compared with fossils of ancient extinct organisms.
Wikipedia - Evidence of common descent
Homology is central to evolution theory. According to evolutionists similarities and differences supposedly show a relationship between different and unique life forms. The reason why metaphysics is used to support that belief is of course that science can not possibly offer evidence for a relation between two unique and different life forms. The preconceived belief in common ancestry and macroevolution makes evolutionists interpret similarities in DNA or physical appearance of unique life forms as evidence for that belief. Unfortunately for evolutionists similarities and differences do not necessarily support common ancestry. It all depends on one's worldview. See also illusory correlation and third-cause fallacy.
This is what we might call connoisseurial art history, which is what you might have found in the 19th century. Connoisseurs began to compare works scattered across churches and monasteries, classifying them and trying to discern common authorship. The works were identified for certain similarities of technique or ways of painting, for instance, hands or ears.
Conversation - Computers can find similarities between paintings
The way art experts approach this problem is by comparing artworks according to a number of high-level concepts such as the artist's use of space, texture, form, shape, colour and so on. Experts may also consider the way the artist uses movement in the picture, harmony, variety, balance, contrast, proportion and pattern.
Medium - When A Machine Learning Algorithm Studied Fine Art Paintings...
Similarity can equally result from modifications to a common design. In observable reality we have countless examples of common design. Practically all cars show similarities like wheels, engine, brakes, body, etcetera. They appeared one after another in time. Modern cars are more complex and improved compared to older cars. Some cars may even be close to identical. But not one car ever evolved into another. They were of course all designed and created by intelligent agents. This goes for everything ever created by intelligent human beings. Nothing like that ever popped into existence naturally. Things left to nature will eventually decay or deteriorate. The natural world is subject to universal laws like entropy which dictate that nothing in the natural world goes from an inferior state to a superior state naturally. Not one real world example can be given for the idea that some complex functional entity changes into another at least equally functional entity without the intervention of an intelligent agent. Any mentally sane person simply knows that such things don't happen. Similarly to how connoisseurs work in the world of art, the fossil record can be interpreted according to the perspective of common design by the same designer.
Comparative genomics is an exciting field of biological research in which researchers use a variety of tools, including computer-based analysis, to compare the complete genome sequences of different species.
NHGRI - Comparative Genomics
Of course what goes for physical appearance also goes for genetics because DNA is related to physical appearance. The similarity in DNA between humans and chimpanzees is believed to be between 95% and 98.5% depending on what and how it is compared. About 90% of human genes have a matching version in cats. About 80% of human genes have a match in cows. And, about 80% of human genes have a match in mice. Cats have 82% of homologous genes with dogs. Cats look much more like dogs than any of these look like humans. So it simply doesn't seem to make much sense to compare apples and oranges. Similarities are nice, but explaining the differences and how they came about is what it's all about. Like for example orphan genes. For this evolutionists only offer fantastic and childish just-so stories and scientists can't offer any evidence. Hence metaphysics.
Chimpanzees share about 98 percent of our DNA, but bananas share about 50 percent, and we are not 98 percent chimp or 50 percent banana. We are entirely human and unique. We are talking about the difference between using a twig as a tool and using the internet. It is humans that have speech and language, humans that have culture, art, music, science and technology, humans who remember the past, plan for the future, fear death and pay taxes. ... Sometimes, amid all this scientific talk of genetic and cognitive similarity, we can lose sight of the most important facts.
Sanjida O'Connell - Are human beings impossible to ape?
Clearly human DNA and chimp DNA is very similar. We don't dispute that. ... "There are three kinds of lies: Lies; damn lies; and statistics." Scientists can present whatever numbers they want to emphasize whatever they want. Which numbers are the most important is really a matter of opinion. Evolutionists always present the numbers in such a way as to diminish the difference between humans and chimpanzees to make it more plausible that they have a common ancestor. Similarity can either be the result of common ancestry or common design. The 96% (or whatever) similarity alone doesn't prove common ancestry. It might be the result of a designer making two very similar things.
Science Against Evolution - Chimps Are Like Us
Are you half a banana? Or 98% chimp? Even if the software code for Microsoft Windows 10 were to be 95% similar to that of Windows 8, it wouldn't show any relation between the two. The reality is that they were both intelligently designed by clever people at Microsoft. The reality is that humans are not 50% bananas or 98% chimps. Physically chimps look more like humans than bananas so it would be expected that chimp DNA is more similar to that of humans than to that of bananas. But this doesn't prove anything about their origins. On top of that evolutionists erroneously believe and say that 98% of our DNA is useless junk. This was also a wrong prediction based on their belief in common ancestry. And if they really believe that 98% of our DNA were "useless" then it's the other 2% of "useful" DNA that's important and should be compared and explained. What evolutionists do in this regard is an example of cherry picking. Fact remains that each life form is unique and humans even more so because of their far superior mental capability. Each kind only produces offspring of the same kind. That some people lose sight of the most important facts of science has to do with blind faith and paradigm paralysis.
Extra...
Fr. Chad Ripperger - The Metaphysics of Evolution
Larry Azar - Evolution and other Fairy Tales
Talk Origins - Evolution and Metaphysics
Bertram G. Murray Jr. - Are ecological and evolutionary theories scientific
Fred Reed - The Metaphysics of Evolution
Steve McIntosh - Evolution's Purpose: Necessary Metaphysics for an Evolutionary Worldview
A. N. Wilson - Darwin’s greatness is founded on a myth
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