Geologic Column
Relative time scale

The geologic time scale is a system of chronological measurement that relates
stratigraphy to
time, and is used by
geologists, paleontologists, and other earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred throughout Earth's history.
Nowhere on Earth is there a complete section that shows strata deposited over the entire history of the Earth. ...
In the past, some areas were above sea level and being eroded and other areas were below sea level where deposition was occurring.
Thus, in order to develop a complete record, correlations must be undertaken in order to see how everything fits together.
The geologic column is used to make sense of the unobservable past.
Apparently it does not exist anywhere on earth as a complete section of all history.

Unlike tree-ring dating -- in which each ring is a measure of 1 year's growth -- no precise rate of deposition can be determined for most of the rock layers.
Therefore, the actual length of geologic time represented by any given layer is usually unknown or, at best, a matter of opinion.
By comparison, the history of mankind is similarly organized into relative units of time. We speak of human events as occurring either B.C. or A.D. ...
Geologists have done the same thing to geologic time by dividing the Earth's history into Eras -- broad spans based on the general character of
life that existed during these times -- and Periods -- shorter spans based partly on evidence of major disturbances of the Earth's crust.
The geologic time scale is a relative time scale that can say something about a sequence of events, but
the geologic time scale can say nothing about the absolute ages of things. The history of mankind, spanning roughly 7 millennia, is recorded by many different human sources.
The history before mankind is of course not based on observation. It is based on assumptions which are necessarily derived from philosophy.
Naturalism

Charles Darwin's "Origin of Species" was published in 1859, and soon the simple basis of
stratigraphy founded in ideas derived from
catastrophism began to disintegrate as palaeontologic interest
became focussed on establishing evolutionary trends and on the search for
ancestors and descendants.
(Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 6, page 354)
The geologic column as it is currently presented to the world by
mainstream science is based on the unprovable philosophy
uniformitarianism which in turn is based on the unprovable philosophy
naturalism. So the explanation of the geologic column is based on the evolutionary worldview, not the other way round.
Biostratigraphy

Biostratigraphic index fossils
Using fossils to correlate from area to area, geologists have been able to work out a relative worldwide order of rock formations
and to divide the rock record and geologic time...
The ages of rocks and fossils are both not absolute.
The geologic column can do no more than offer relative ages. In addition scientists make use of
radiometric dating methods but those methods are
calibrated against the geologic column. Everything is based on the unprovable philosophy
uniformitarianism which gives evolutionists their desired
time. All of it is based on the unprovable philosophy
naturalism.
Sedimentation

Sedimentation is the tendency for particles in suspension to settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained,
and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them:
these forces can be due to gravity, centrifugal acceleration or electromagnetism.
Superposed strata in sedimentary rocks are believed to have been formed by successive layers of sediments deposited periodically with interruptions of sedimentation.
This experimental study examines possible stratification of heterogeneous sand mixtures under continuous (non periodic and non-interrupted) sedimentation.
Detail research of Cambrian — Ordovician Sandstones of St.-Petersburg region shows that the sequence is result of single
deposition cycle that develops from clay of Siversk Formation (underluing to Sablino Member) to the lower boundary of
Ladoga Member (regressive phase); and from Ladoga to Tosno (and overlying Koporie shales) as transgressive phase
according to changing of paleohydraulic conditions. Inner erosion surfaces were result of variations of intensity and
competence of the flow rather than long interrupt of sedimentation and erosion of strata in subaerial conditions.
Find out why paleohydrology
is a crucial factor which is sometimes overlooked.
Evolutionists have always presented the formation of the layers of the earth as an extremely slow process in accordance with their preconceived
belief in slow and gradual
evolution and
uniformitarianism.
But it is shown by experiment to be possible to form various layers in a single event.
Sedimentary rock

Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water. ...
The sedimentary rock cover of the continents of the Earth's crust is extensive, but the total contribution of sedimentary rocks
is estimated to be only 8% of the total volume of the crust. Sedimentary rocks are only a thin veneer over a crust consisting mainly
of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Sedimentary rocks are deposited in layers as strata, forming a structure called bedding.
Sedimentary rock covers about three fourths of the land area, and most of the ocean floor.
Where the earth's crust is deformed or eroded, large areas of buried sedimentary rock may be exposed.
In some places, such as the mouths of rivers, the sedimentary rock is 12,000 meters thick.
Strata of sedimentary rock are strongly linked to catastrophic floods necessary for their creation.
Polystrate fossils

A polystrate fossil is a fossil of a single organism (such as a tree trunk) that extends through more than one geological stratum.
This term is typically applied to "fossil forests" of upright fossil tree trunks and stumps that have been found worldwide,
i.e. in the Eastern United States, Eastern Canada, England, France, Germany, and Australia, typically associated with coal-bearing strata.
According to uniformitarianism the tree trunks would have decayed long before any new strata would be formed
to cover the tree. Therefore these strata must have been formed quickly instead of in long
timespans.
Silicification

This study reveals that silicified wood can form under suitable conditions in time periods as short as tens to hundreds of years,
and contributes to the understanding of the mechanisms forming silicified wood.
Processes like silicification,
of which evolutionists believe they only occur in large timespans, based on
uniformitarianism, can in reality occur in much shorter
timespans.
University of Maryland - Biostratigraphy I: Rock units and Biozones
University of Maryland - Biostratigraphy II: Limits and prospects
Guy Berthault: Sedimentology - Main principles of sedimentology
Sean D. Pitman - The Geologic Column
Earth History Research Center - Arthur V. Chadwick: A Modern Framework for Earth Sciences in a Christian Context
Earth History Research Center - The Geologic Record (Articles)
True Origin - The Geologic Column: Does It Exist?
University of Maryland - Biostratigraphy II: Limits and prospects
Guy Berthault: Sedimentology - Main principles of sedimentology
Sean D. Pitman - The Geologic Column
Earth History Research Center - Arthur V. Chadwick: A Modern Framework for Earth Sciences in a Christian Context
Earth History Research Center - The Geologic Record (Articles)
True Origin - The Geologic Column: Does It Exist?